Markup, XML, TEI.

Character, structure, guidelines.

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Content

Frontmatter↡(1-2)
Markup language↡(3-10)
Text Encoding Initiative↡(11-27)

TEI Guidelines↡(28-31)
References↡(32)
Impressum↡(33)

What is markup language?

To encode, to tag texts;
To make explicit (to a machine) what is implicit (to a person);
To add value by supplying multiple annotations.

XML vs. HTML

XML is extensible: it does not consist of a fixed set of tags;
XML documents must be well-formed according to a defined syntax;
XML documents can be formally validated against a schema;
XML is more about the meaning of data than about presentation.

Procedural Markup

Visual, typographic, representation;

WYSWYG: What You See is ALL you Get.

Descriptive Markup

Semantic, funcional, structured;

Meaning before format.

"Miguel de Cervantes escribió el Quijote"

Procedural

Miguel de Cervantes escribió el Quijote

Descriptive

 MarkupMiguel de Cervantes escribió el Quijote

 Visualizationname {font-weight: bold;} title {font-style: italic;}

 Process<xsl:for-each select="//title">

XML Golden Rules

 An element consists of a start-tag, optional content, and an end-tag. <persName>Miguel de Cervantes</persName>

 An element may have attributes, each consisting of a name and a value. Miguel de Cervantes

 An XML document may contain processing instructions or comments. <? xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="visualize-tei-xml.css"?>

 Elements and attributes are case sensitive. <name> ≠ <Name>

 Empty elements can use a minimized tag syntax. <pb/> =

Well-formed (good syntax)

XML-Version, character set (UTF-8);
A single root element (first node) contains the XML document;
Each element is nested within the root element in a hierarchical structure: no overlapping;
Elements, attributes, etc., are case sensitive;
Start-tags and end-tags are mandatory;
Attribute values are quoted.

Valid (against the schema)

Well-formed;
Follows a structural definition (schema), e.g. TEI;
Which elements and attributes are used;
Which elements and attributes can appear where;
Names, datatypes, and default values for all attributes.

C. Schöch Digitale Textedition mit TEI (Tutorial)

TEI: Text Encoding Initiative

Development of markup for texts;
International standard;
Interchange of data;
Platform independence;
Preservation;
Research community.
TEI P5: Version 4.1.0. Last updated on 19th August 2020

Modular system

Each module defines a group of elements and attributes

TEI basic structure

<teiHeader>

TEI basic structure

<teiHeader>

Content in the <teiHeader>


  
	
		Bym złożył sonet, Violente mię prosi
		Lope de Vega Carpio
	 
	
		Workshop's materials (Wrocław)
		14/10/2016

TEI basic structure

<text>

TEI basic structure

<text>

TEI basic structure

<text>

Content in the <text>


    <body>
      
         <head>Do czytelnika</head>
         Ani sprawiedliwemu zasady, ani mądremu rady, chociaż nikt ich nie zna w stopniu dostatecznym dla siebie samego.
      
    </body>

Classes of elements

grouped semantically: names, places, titles, ...

grouped structurally: divisions, paragraphs, verses,...

Verse and name annotation

<body>

  Bym złożył sonet, <persName>Violente</persName> mię prosi;
  nierazem znoił w takowym rygorze:
  czternaście wierszów sonet pojąć może.
  Trzy z przodka fraszka ze śmiechem unosi.

</body>

Atributtes inside of elements

 Provides a unique identifier for any element:  @xml:id

 Provides a name or number for any element:  @n

 Specifies the language of any element:  @xml:lang

 Characterizes the element in some sense:  @type

 Specifies the visual appearance (rendition):  @rend, @style, @rendition

Atributtes and elements

<body>
   
      Bym złożył sonet, Violente mię prosi;
      nierazem znoił w takowym rygorze:
      czternaście wierszów sonet pojąć może.
      Trzy z przodka fraszka ze śmiechem unosi.
   
</body>

Metatextual markup for editions

Enriched with corrections, regularizations, expansions

 Groups alternative encodings:

 Apparent error:

 Corrected error:

 Original form:

 Regularized form:

Markup for corrections

<body>
   
      Bym złożył sonet, 
      
      			
                 Violente
                 Violante
	           
	          
	mię prosi;
	  nierazem znoił w takowym rygorze:
	  czternaście wierszów sonet pojąć może.
	  Trzy z przodka fraszka ze śmiechem unosi.
   
</body>

Critical Apparatus, Dictionaries, Manuscript Description, Bibliographies, ...

nearly 500 elements

Guidelines

Information, eg., on an element

Quick look up in the TEI Guidelines.

TEI-Look up

TEI Roma (tool)

Generating customizations for the TEI

possibility to choose your modules;
possibility to create new elements;
possibility to generate your schema;
possibility to generate your documentation.

References

A Gentle Introduction to XML, Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange, TEI P5: Version 3.0.0.
digital.humanities @ Oxford, TEI @ Oxford Teaching Pages.
Lou Burnard (2014), What is the Text Encoding Initiative? How to add intelligent markup to digital resources , Marseille: OpenEdition Press.
Christof Schöch (2014), Digitale Textedition mit TEI, DARIAH TEI-Tutorial.

José Luis Losada Palenzuela, Markup, XML, TEI. Character, structure, guidelines, <http://editio.github.io/slides/xml-tei>, 2016.

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